Importing Drilling Data

Leapfrog Works can import drilling data from the following sources:

• Files stored on your computer or a network location
• From a Central project’s Data Room
• From any database that runs an ODBC interface
• From OpenGround

For each of these options, once the data source is selected, the process of importing drilling data is the same. See Importing Data Tables and Mapping Data Columns in the Working With Data Tables topic for an overview of how to map data columns in files to the format Leapfrog Works expects.

The rest of this topic discusses the data format required for importing drilling data, how to connect to different data sources, how to add more tables to a drilling data set and the borehole desurveying options available in Leapfrog Works. It is divided into:

• Expected Drilling Data Tables and Columns
• AGS Format Drilling Data
• Importing Drilling Data From the Central Data Room
• Connecting to an ODBC Data Source
• Connecting to an OpenGround Database
• Setting Elevation for Collar Points
• Adding More Tables to a Drilling Data Set
• Desurveying Options

Expected Drilling Data Tables and Columns

Required table types for importing drilling data are:

• A collar table
• At least one interval table

Downhole points tables can also be imported, but are optional.

A screens table can be imported, if you have the Hydrogeology extension.

A survey table can also be imported but is optional.

The following formats are supported:

• AGS Files (*.ags)
• ASCII Text Files (*.asc)
• CSV Text Files (*.csv)
• Data Files (*.dat)
• Plain Text Files (*.txt)
• TSV Text Files (*.tsv)

For data imported in CSV, ASCII, TXT, DAT and TSV formats, separate files are required for each type of table. For data imported in AGS format, a single file is imported that contains each type of table and a summary of the relevant data is presented at each stage of the importation process so you can select from the available groups of data. AGS format is described in AGS Format Drilling Data below.

The Collar Table

The collar table should contain five columns:

• A borehole identifier
• The location of the borehole in X, Y and Z coordinates
• The maximum depth of the borehole

A collar table can also contain a trench column, and collars marked as trenches will be desurveyed in a manner different from other boreholes. See Desurveying Options for more information.

The borehole ID is used to associate data in different tables with a single borehole. The ID for a borehole must be identical in all tables in order for data to be associated with that borehole. Inconsistencies in the way boreholes are identified are common sources of errors.

The maximum depth column is optional. If it is present, is used to validate the data imported for the interval tables. The maximum depth specified is often a planned quantity, whereas the interval table records actual measurements. For this reason, Leapfrog Works has an option for fixing the maximum depth value in the collar table to match the data in an interval table.

If maximum depth information is not included in a collar file, Leapfrog Works will determine it from the maximum depth sampled as indicated by data in the interval tables.

Boreholes in AGS format may also include a Project ID column that can be used to identify boreholes that have the same hole ID but are actually from different projects.

The Survey Table

For the survey table, Leapfrog Works expects a minimum of four columns:

• A borehole identifier
• Depth, dip and azimuth values

By default, Leapfrog Works assumes that negative dip values point up. If this is not the case, tick the Negative survey dip points down option.

Boreholes in AGS format may also include a Project ID column that can be used to identify boreholes that have the same hole ID but are actually from different projects.

See Desurveying Options for more information on the borehole desurveying algorithms used in Leapfrog Works.

The Screens Table

For the screens table, Leapfrog Works expects a minimum of four columns:

• A borehole identifier
• Start/from and end/to depths
• A value column

Boreholes in AGS format may also include a Project ID column that can be used to identify boreholes that have the same hole ID but are actually from different projects.

Interval Tables

For interval tables, Leapfrog Works expects, at minimum, four columns:

• A borehole identifier
• Start/from and end/to depths
• A column of measurements

If a borehole ID in an interval table does not correspond to one in the collar table, the table can still be imported but the interval table will contain errors.

Supported column types are:

• Lithology columns containing lithologic data, which can be used for geological modelling.
• Numeric columns containing numeric values, which can be used for interpolating data.
• Category columns, which is text representing categories such as company, geologist, or mineralisation.
• Text columns containing text data that is not categorical, such as comments. Text columns are not validated when imported.
• Date columns containing date data. Custom date and timestamps formats are supported.
• URL columns. Use the prefix file:/// to link to local files.
• Hex colour columns containing RGB triplets.

When an interval table is displayed in the scene and an interval is selected, clicking on a link in the URL column will open the link. This is a useful way of linking to, for example, data files or core photo images from within Leapfrog Works:

Boreholes in AGS format may also include a Project ID column that can be used to identify boreholes that have the same hole ID but are actually from different projects.

Points Tables

For downhole points tables, Leapfrog Works expects the following columns:

• A borehole identifier
• Depth

AGS Format Drilling Data

Leapfrog Works supports the importation of drilling data using the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS) format. AGS versions 3.1 and 4 are supported. The process for importing boreholes in AGS format is the same as that for importing data described in the rest of this topic, except that a single file is selected for import.

To import drilling data in AGS format, right-click on the Borehole Data folder and select where you wish to import the data from. In the Import Boreholes window, click the button for Collar to locate the file you wish to use.

For each type of table, a summary of the relevant data in the file is presented, allowing you to select groups of data.

The Collar Table

For the collar data group, the HOLE group (v 3.1)/LOCA group (v 4.0) will automatically be selected. Click OK to accept the selection, then check how the selected data has been mapped.

The Survey Table

For the survey table data group, the HOLE group (v 3.1)/HORN group (v 4.0) will automatically be selected. Click OK to accept the selection.

If there is no survey information in the file, click OK, then click the Skip button in the Import Boreholes window to move on to the interval table data.

Interval Tables

All remaining groups that contain suitable interval data are displayed, although you can display all groups in the file by disabling the Only show groups suitable for interval data option.

Only one group can be selected, and typically the GEOL table contains the lithology data. However, if you need to import more groups, there are two options:

• Import the other groups as additional interval tables (see Importing Additional Interval Tables). Select Import From File and then select whether you wish to import intervals or points, then select the AGS file again.
• Append the data set, as described in Adding New Rows to Existing Data Tables in the Working With Data Tables topic.

Depth Points Tables

All remaining groups that contain points data are displayed, although you can display all groups in the file by disabling the Only show groups suitable for depth points data option.

Importing Drilling Data From the Central Data Room

To import drilling data from Central, first make sure you are connected to a Central server. Next, click on the Borehole Data folder and select Import Boreholes via Central. In the window that appears, select the project you wish to import data from. The Import Boreholes from Central window will be displayed. Click the button for Collar to navigate the project’s data room to locate the collar file you wish to use.

Select the file and click Import. Work through the files as described in Importing Data Tables and Mapping Data Columns.

Connecting to an ODBC Data Source

Leapfrog Works supports database files in Access Database (*.mdb, *.accdb) and gInt Project (*.gpj) formats.

To import drilling data directly from any database that uses an ODBC interface, right-click on the Borehole Data folder and select Import Borehole Data via ODBC. The Select ODBC Data Source window will appear:

Enter the information supplied by your database administrator and click OK.

If you are importing from a local database file, click the Database file option and then browse to locate the file.

Selecting Tables

In the Select Tables To Import window, select the tables you wish to import.

To add an interval or points table, click the Add button (); the list of tables in the database will be displayed. To remove a table from either list, click on it and click the Remove button ().

Click OK to begin the process of importing the data. Work through the files as described in Importing Data Tables and Mapping Data Columns.

Connecting to an OpenGround Database

To import drilling data via OpenGround, right-click on the Borehole Data folder and select Import Boreholes via OpenGround. In the window that appears, enter your credentials for the database you wish to connect to, then select the instance you will use.

In the next window, you can filter the list of projects using the Search box. Select the project you wish to open, then click Next.

Once the project has been opened, select the data columns to map to the Collar, Survey and Tables lists.

You can only select one collar table and one survey table, but you can select as many interval and point tables as you need. Change how tables are mapped using the Import As dropdown list:

Once you have selected the columns you wish to import, click Import to work through the data tables and add the data to the project tree.

The import process is similar to that described in Working With Data Tables.

The data will be added to the project tree in the Borehole Data folder:

To import additional tables, right-click on the drilling data set and select Import from OpenGround. Once you choose whether you will import intervals or points, the database will open and you can choose from the tables available.

See Adding and Updating Data for Existing Tables in the Working With Data Tables topic for information on appending and reloading data.

Setting Elevation for Collar Points

You can set the elevation for all collar points or for a subset of collar points by projecting them onto a surface. This creates a new column in the collar table called z_on_terrain, and you can switch between using the original values in the z column and the projected values in the z_on_terrain column:

To set the elevation for collar points from a surface, right-click on the collar table in the project tree and select Set Elevation. The Set Elevation from Surface window will appear:

Select from the surfaces available in the project and set a query filter, if you wish to limit the collars you will project onto the surface.

If the surface does not intersect vertically with some points, you can choose how the z_on_terrain values for those points will be determined. There are two options:

• Assign elevation values to sets the z values to a fixed elevation for all unprojected points.
• Leave unchanged makes no changes to the z values for unprojected points; the original z column values will be used.

Click OK to set elevation values.

The collar table will be updated with an additional column, z_on_terrain:

The z_on_terrain column values are determined as follows:

• For selected points that can be projected onto the surface, the elevation values from that surface are used
• For points that cannot be projected onto the surface, either a fixed elevation value or the original values from the z column are used, depending on the chosen Unprojected points option.
• For points you have chosen not to project, i.e. if you have used a query filter, the original values from the z column are used.

The original z values are preserved in the z column. To switch back to the original z values, click on Collar Elevation, then select the original column:

The z_on_terrain column will remain in the collar table; switching to using the original z column does not delete the z_on_terrain column.

Applying a query filter is useful for limiting the collars projected onto a surface. Here, a query filter has been used to project a single collar, M005, onto the topography:

All other values in the z_on_terrain are from the z column.

If the collar table is reloaded:

• For existing boreholes, z_on_terrain values are not overwritten on reload.
• For new boreholes added during the reload, the z_on_terrain value will be left blank.
• For an existing borehole that has a changed z value, the z_on_terrain will remain unchanged on reload.

You can also clear the projected values from the z_on_terrain column by clicking the Reset button, in which case the z_on_terrain column will be reset to the z column values:

Adding More Tables to a Drilling Data Set

Once you have created a drilling data set in a project, you can add more tables to the data set. Types of tables you can add are:

• Additional interval tables. See Importing Additional Interval Tables.
• Downhole points. See Importing Downhole Points.
• LAS points. See Importing LAS Points.
• Downhole planar data. See Importing Downhole Planar Structural Data.

Importing Additional Interval Tables

Interval tables that have not been imported during the drilling data import process can be added to the project at any time. To add an interval table, right-click on the drilling data set in the project tree and select from the options available:

• If the interval table is stored in a file on your computer or a network location, select Import From File > Interval Values. Leapfrog Works will ask you to specify the file location, and then will display the data in the file in the Import Interval window.
• If the interval table is stored in an ODBC database, select Import From ODBC > Interval Values. You will be prompted to select the data source. See Connecting to an ODBC Data Source.

Columns required are:

• A borehole identifier
• Start/from and end/to depths
• A column of measurements

Select the required columns and assign the data type for each column. Click Finish to import the file, which will appear as a table in the drilling data set.

Importing Downhole Points

To import a set of points on boreholes, right-click on the drilling data set and select Import From File > Point Values or Import From ODBC > Point Values.

When importing from a file, Leapfrog Works will ask you to specify the file location and then will display the data in the file in the Import Depth Points window.

When importing from ODBC, you will first be prompted to select the data source. See Connecting to an ODBC Data Source.

Columns required are:

• A borehole identifier
• Depth

Select the required columns and assign the data type for each column. Click Finish to import the file, which will appear as a table in the drilling data set.

Importing LAS Points

LAS points need to be imported separately from other drilling data.

Leapfrog Works imports LAS points down boreholes in LAS 1.2 and LAS 2.0 formats. An imported set of LAS files appears as one object with its associated data columns plus a LAS Boreholes folder that contains a filter for each borehole. Importing the data preserves the metadata from the LAS files, which can be viewed in the Properties window for the LAS points object and in the Properties window for each borehole.

To import LAS points down boreholes, right-click on the drilling data set and select Import From File > LAS Data. Select the files you wish to import and click Open.

Next, the Import LAS Data window will appear. The data displayed in this window is combined from the selected files, with blank and invalid values indicated by “nan”. For example, if a borehole file does not contain columns that are included in other borehole files, those missing columns will be marked as “nan”.

Leapfrog Works expects borehole ID and Depth columns and will attempt to match the data in the files with the expected format. Select the columns to import, then click Finish. The files will be added to the project tree as part of the drilling data set, as described above.

To view LAS points, add the LAS points object to the scene. You can also display individual boreholes by adding their filters to the scene.

LAS File Mapping

The Properties window for LAS Boreholes includes a LAS Mapping tab that shows what data files have been used for the selected borehole:

This is useful when data for a borehole originates in different files.

LAS File Inconsistencies

When importing LAS files, inconsistencies in the files are handled as follows:

• If there are two files with the same curve values at the same depth, the duplicate values will be added to the existing column and flagged as overlapping segments. See Correcting Data Errors in Leapfrog Works for more information about correcting drilling data errors.
• If there are more than two files with the same curve values at the same depth, Leapfrog Works will not be able to import the files. Note the conflicting files shown in the error message and reimport the files, leaving the conflicting files out.
• If there are multiple logs of the same name in the files, Leapfrog Works will not be able to import the data. Edit the LAS file header outside of Leapfrog Works to change the names.

Importing Downhole Planar Structural Data

Downhole structural data needs to be imported separately from other drilling data. To import downhole structural data, right-click on the drilling data set in the project tree and select Import From File > Planar Structural Data or Import From ODBC > Planar Structural Data.

When importing from a file, Leapfrog Works will ask you to specify the file location and then will display the data in the file in the Import Planar Structural Data window.

When importing from ODBC, you will first be prompted to select the data source. See Connecting to an ODBC Data Source earlier in this topic.

Leapfrog Works expects columns describing the borehole identifier, the depth and the structural orientation. Structural orientation can be specified using either dip and dip azimuth or alpha and beta.

Match the values in the file to the required column headers, then click Finish to import the file. The table will appear in the drilling data set.

If the structural orientation is specified using alpha and beta, the reference line from which the beta is measured can be the bottom or top of the borehole. When the table is imported, the default setting is Bottom of core. To change this, double-click on the structural data table in the project tree. Next, click on Compatibility to change the Beta reference mark setting to Top of core:

Desurveying Options

Borehole desurveying computes the geometry of a borehole in three-dimensional space based on the data contained in the survey table. Under ideal conditions, the borehole path follows the original dip and azimuth established at the top of the borehole. Usually, though, the path deflects away from the original direction as a result of layering in the rock, variation in the hardness of the layers and the angle of the drill bit relative to those layers. The drill bit will be able to penetrate softer layers more easily than harder layers, resulting in a preferential direction of drill bit deviation.

There are a number of paths a borehole could take through available survey measurements, but the physical constraints imposed by drilling are more likely to produce smoother paths. Selecting the desurveying method that gives the best likely approximation of the actual path of the borehole will ensure that subsequent modelling is as accurate as possible.

Leapfrog Works implements three algorithms for desurveying boreholes:

• The Spherical Arc Approximation Algorithm
• The Raw Tangent Algorithm
• The Balanced Tangent Algorithm

These options are described in more detail below.

Another factor that affects how boreholes are desurveyed is how dip values are handled. When the survey table is imported, Leapfrog Works sets the Negative survey dip points down value according to the data in the imported table. When the majority of the dip data in the table is positive, Leapfrog Works assumes all these boreholes will point down and leaves the field Negative survey dip points down disabled. When most of the values are negative, the field is enabled. This field can be changed by double-clicking on the survey table to open it and then clicking on Compatibility to show the table’s desurveying settings:

If you are going to change the automatically set value of Negative survey dip points down, consider carefully the implications if there is a mix of boreholes pointing down and up.

The other Compatibility setting relates to the algorithm used in desurveying the boreholes.

The Spherical Arc Approximation Algorithm

The default algorithm used in Leapfrog Works is spherical arc approximation, which is sometimes referred to as the minimum curvature algorithm. Downhole distances are desurveyed exactly as distances along a circular arc:

The algorithm matches the survey at the starting and end positions exactly and the curvature is constant between these two measurements. At the survey points, the direction remains continuous and, therefore, there are no unrealistic sharp changes in direction.

If you wish to use spherical arc approximation, there is no need to change any settings.

The Balanced Tangent Algorithm

The balanced tangent algorithm uses straight lines but attempts to improve the accuracy of the raw tangent algorithm by assigning equal weights to the starting and end survey measurements:

It is an improvement on the raw tangent algorithm but still suffers from an unrealistic discontinuity in the borehole path. It is, however, a better approximation of the overall borehole path and is reasonably accurate when the spacing between measurements is small.

To use the balanced tangent algorithm, double-click on the survey table in the project tree. Click on Compatibility and change the Desurveying method.

The Raw Tangent Algorithm

The raw tangent algorithm assumes the borehole maintains the direction given by the last survey measurement until the next new measurement is reached:

This implies that the borehole makes sharp jumps in direction whenever a measurement is taken, which is unlikely, except when the borehole is being used to define a trench.

Collar tables have a trench column that indicates whether or not the borehole is from a trench. When the trench column is ticked for a borehole, the trench will be desurveyed using the raw tangent algorithm. Double-click on the collar table in the project tree, then tick the trench box for the boreholes you wish to desurvey using the raw tangent algorithm.